Таuridа Scientific Herald. Series: Technical Sciences

ASPECTS OF USING NEURAL NETWORKS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF IMAGES

2025-03-04T12:19:27+02:00

The article presents an overview of image enhancement and noise reduction methods based on convolutional and recurrent neural networks with the addition of non-local operations blocks. These methods are widely used in various industries. In medicine, they help improve the quality of MRI images, which, in turn, contributes to the accuracy of doctors' diagnoses. In the field of security, these technologies enable image enhancement and detail enhancement. The article covers the main available approaches to image enhancement. The article analyzes the main characteristics of the considered neural networks, as well as the scenarios in which they demonstrate the greatest effectiveness. A table with the performance of different image enhancement methods is also presented, to which the investigated method is added to evaluate its effectiveness in image enhancement. The paper emphasizes the advantages of each of these approaches and their effectiveness in different conditions. Considering the specific features of the denoising task, such as the type of noise, image type, and processing constraints, will help select the most appropriate architecture to achieve the desired result. The article also discusses the use of the non-local operations block to improve image quality. This block serves to identify global interrelationships between pixels, which contributes to better modeling of relationships between different parts of the image. Thanks to the non-local operations block, it is possible to efficiently detect long-term dependencies and contextual information, which in turn leads to improved noise disaggregation and image restoration. The article offers a comprehensive overview of image enhancement and denoising methods that use convolutional and recurrent neural networks with the addition of a non-local operations block, and also provides information on existing approaches. The information and guidelines provided in this article can be helpful in choosing appropriate methods for solving image processing tasks. The article is useful for image processing and machine learning researchers who want to understand the main differences between convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNN), as well as with already known approaches to improving and reducing noise in images.

DEVELOPMENT OF POST-QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY ACCOUNTING FOR THE POSSIBILITIES OF SIGNATURE ALGEBRA

2025-03-04T12:30:38+02:00

It is known that the widespread implementation of quantum technologies is accompanied by significant challenges. The main issue lies in the fragility of quantum states, which can easily change due to noise, decoherence, or inaccuracies in performing quantum operations. This poses high risks to the reliability of quantum computations, especially in the context of modern intermediate-scale devices (NISQ), which have a limited number of qubits and a high level of noise. The article analyzed modern methods of quantum error correction, in particular, the use of signature algebra, its implementation in various protocols, systems, and development prospects. The key role of quantum error correction is identified. Error correction is a fundamental element for ensuring the stability of quantum computing, especially on noisy intermediate-scale (NISQ) devices. The existing error correction method – signature algebra – is analyzed as a universal tool. It is determined that signature algebra has demonstrated its effectiveness in identifying and correcting errors in real time; in checking the stability of quantum states and integrating with modern quantum protocols such as BB84, E91, DI-QKD, BQC, QSS, etc. The development prospects are: further standardization of signature algebra as a tool for testing and error correction; its integration with post-quantum cryptography to ensure data security in the quantum era; in developing new models for NISQ systems, topological codes and quantum networks. The work can be used as a teaching material for students and researchers involved in quantum computing. The code examples used in the work demonstrate how signature algebra is integrated into quantum computing, ensuring the reliability of calculations even in noisy environments. The proposed approaches can be used to create robust quantum systems and protocols for cryptography, communications, and machine learning.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EVENT TRACKING IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

2025-03-04T12:37:11+02:00

The article explores the theoretical foundations and key aspects of event tracking in distributed systems, which is becoming particularly relevant in the context of the rapid development of microservice architecture. It analyzes the main characteristics and features of microservice architecture, including its advantages and disadvantages compared to monolithic architecture. It has been determined that the microservice approach, despite its advantages in terms of development flexibility and scalability, creates additional challenges in the context of monitoring and event tracking due to the system's distributed nature. The key concepts of event tracking systems are revealed, including the concept of "span" as a basic unit of tracking, "trace" for tracking the complete request path, "baggage" for transmitting metadata between services, "tags" for providing context, and "sampling" for optimizing system load. Different approaches to sampling are analyzed in detail, including "head-based" and "tailbased" methods, as well as their features and application cases. The architecture of modern event tracking systems, which consists of five main components: middleware, context propagation mechanism, trace storage system, data collector, and analysis interface, is studied. Particular attention is paid to context propagation mechanisms and their role in ensuring effective event tracking in distributed systems. It has been determined that an effective event-tracking system should ensure minimal impact on the performance of core business processes, which is achieved through asynchronous processing of monitoring data and optimized mechanisms for their collection and storage. The research results have practical significance for software developers and architects working with microservice architectures, which require practical tools for monitoring and diagnosing distributed systems.

APPLICATION OF SET THEORY FOR THE MATHEMATICAL JUSTIFICATION OF DEVELOPING AN IOT SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED SOIL MOISTURE MONITORING

2025-03-04T12:44:37+02:00

The article explores the application of set theory for the mathematical substantiation of an IoT-based system designed for automated soil moisture monitoring. The innovative approach integrates the concepts of the Internet of Things with modern automation methods to ensure efficient management of agricultural resources. The theoretical framework of the study focuses on developing a mathematical model that employs set theory principles to formalize the relationships between sensors, monitoring parameters, external conditions, and data processing algorithms. Special attention is given to the development of algorithms for collecting, analyzing, and processing data from soil moisture sensors, enabling continuous soil condition monitoring. These algorithms utilize set-theoretic operations to merge data from various sensors and filter out noise. Based on the proposed models, the article presents the architecture of an IoT system that includes hardware components such as sensors and controllers, network data transmission protocols, a cloud environment for data storage and analysis, and an interactive user interface. A detailed analysis of the practical aspects of system implementation is provided, covering sensor specifications, energy consumption, network stability, interoperability, and integration with external weather prediction modules. Particular emphasis is placed on data security during transmission and system resilience to failures. The expected outcomes of implementing the system include optimized irrigation processes, increased crop yields, reduced resource consumption, and minimized environmental impact. The system facilitates timely responses to changes in soil moisture levels, enabling informed resource management decisions. Additionally, the article examines the potential for scaling the IoT system to other agricultural applications, such as monitoring soil temperature, light levels, and acidity indicators. The findings validate the feasibility of using set theory to construct formal models that enhance monitoring accuracy, accelerate data analysis, and improve management efficiency in the agricultural sector.

WEAKNESSES OF GAMING ANTI-CHEAT SYSTEMS: AN ANALYSIS OF CONTACTLESS AUTOMATION OF GAMEPLAY USING EXTERNAL DEVICES

2025-03-04T12:52:48+02:00

In the 21st century, games have become an integral part of our society [1]. While they were once perceived as something exotic, it is now difficult to find someone who has never played computer or mobile games. Moreover, for some people, video games have become an alternative form of leisure or even a hobby. Today, games are viewed as just as ordinary as movies, TV series, or books, making them part of everyday life. The barrier to entry for some products has become so low that even older generations are increasingly considering games as a normal activity. For example, the target audience of Candy Crush Saga [2] consists of women aged 35 and older. It's not uncommon to see an elderly woman on the subway or bus playing match-3 games, word games, or something similar. The issue of using software that provides an unfair advantage in games (referred to as cheats hereafter) is highly relevant. Large companies can release great games with high ratings but quickly lose their reputation, users, and revenue due to an increase in dishonest players. Even though developers strive to fix vulnerabilities and improve protection, cheats continue to evolve, leaving the problem unresolved in most cases. This paper explores the possibility of automating gameplay using external idle systems, which are often overlooked by anti-cheat programs, and discusses how developers can address this issue. The study will outline the most popular solutions for protecting games from third-party interference, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, we will examine existing solutions that are publicly available and analyze developers' attitudes toward such devices. During the research and development process, the following tools will be used: the C# programming language, Arduino Pro Micro platform, external HDMI capture card, HDMI splitter, and Raspberry Pi 5 platform.

ONLINE LEARNING WITH SLIDING WINDOWS FOR TEXT CLASSIFIER ENSEMBLES

2025-03-04T12:56:23+02:00

In today's digital world, where information spreads at an incredible speed, detecting fake news and disinformation is becoming a critically important task. In the context of the Ukrainianlanguage information space, this task becomes even more relevant due to the hybrid war with Russia. Accordingly, in our study, the "Online Learning with Sliding Windows for Text Classifier Ensembles" (OLTW-TEC) method was developed and implemented, aimed at effectively detecting disinformation in Ukrainian-language text data. The goal is to increase the accuracy and adaptability in identifying fake news, particularly in the Ukrainian-language information space. This work focuses on the need to provide a fast and adaptable system in response to rapid changes in the information flow. The OLTW-TEC method uses advanced machine learning and data analysis techniques to create an adaptive classification system that can dynamically respond to changes in the information flow. The central element of the method is the integration of an ensemble of classifiers with the sliding window method, which makes it possible to constantly update the model based on the latest data, ensuring high accuracy and adaptability to new forms of disinformation. The method includes the stages of data collection and pre-processing, analysis of tonality, emotions and text vectorization, which allows for deeper analysis and more effective detection of fake news, relying on the unique linguistic and cultural features of the Ukrainian language. To analyze the effectiveness of OLTW-TEC, a unique dataset of Ukrainianlanguage news was used, which includes both reliable and false news. The results of the study demonstrated the high effectiveness of the method for identifying disinformation, with a classification accuracy of 93.26%. Analysis of the error matrix and other metrics, such as the F1 score, highlighted the balance and reliability of OLTW-TEC in detecting fake news. Compared to traditional classification methods, OLTW-TEC not only shows better results on most metrics, but also provides room for adaptation to changes in the nature of the data. The choice of the "sliding window" size and the ability to adjust it depending on the specifics of the data gives the method additional flexibility and accuracy.

MODELING AND INVESTIGATION OF TRANSPORT FLOWS USING CELLULAR AUTOMATA

2025-03-04T14:05:00+02:00

The article is devoted to the possibility of controlling traffic flows by means of a controllable traffic light that directs them in the required direction based on the congestion level of main roads. Traffic lights play a key role in ensuring road safety and reducing the number of conflict situations among different road users. They help regulate traffic flows, improve traffic organization at intersections, and provide smoother and safer movement for both drivers and pedestrians. The main function of traffic lights is to coordinate the movement of vehicles and pedestrians by providing clear signals indicating when to move and when to stop. Their overarching goal remains the same – to ensure safety and orderliness on the roads. However, experimenting with a real traffic light system is considered infeasible, and the data analysis process is rather laborintensive. Modeling can be used to address this problem. The aim of this study is to develop an adaptive algorithm for controlling the operating mode of a traffic light based on a cellular automata model. To achieve this, it was necessary to investigate a traffic flow model to optimize traffic light operation as well as corresponding models that enable multi-criteria optimization. In the course of the study, a cellular automaton-based intersection model was constructed. An adaptive traffic light control algorithm was proposed and its optimal parameters were determined. The effectiveness of both the classical and adaptive traffic light control algorithms was evaluated for different numbers of vehicles. The numerical indicators used for comparison were the time required to fully clear the intersection and the vehicle idle time. The developed algorithm helps reduce the time vehicles spend at an intersection, increases the throughput capacity of the traffic light, and correspondingly decreases the impact of exhaust fumes on the environment.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE AUTOMATED VACANCY AGGREGATOR IN THE IT INDUSTRY

2025-03-04T14:08:59+02:00

The article explores the relevance of developing an automated job aggregator for the IT sector, which is one of the most dynamic sectors of the modern labor market. It highlights key issues related to job searching in the face of growing competition and a large number of vacancies. The functionality of the developed mobile application for the Android operating system is described, which allows users to search for vacancies on such popular platforms as Work.ua and Jooble. The main feature of the application is the use of modern technologies and libraries, such as Kotlin, Koin, Jsoup, the MVVM architectural pattern and Lottie. This ensures high performance, modularity and ease of use. The program's algorithm describes in detail the process of searching for vacancies, starting from entering a search query, analyzing HTML pages of sites using Jsoup, collecting the necessary information, and ending with displaying the results to the user. It also provides error handling, filtering vacancies according to specified criteria, and managing the state of the Internet connection. A software class diagram is presented, which demonstrates the architecture of the main components of the application, their relationships and dependencies. Key elements are highlighted: interfaces, repositories, data models, ViewModel and fragments. The main functionalities of the application include integration of search from various sources, job parsing, dynamic animations to improve user interaction, as well as convenient navigation between screens. The results of the study indicate the effectiveness of the developed solution and its potential for expansion. Promising areas for further exploration include the integration of new platforms, the implementation of machine learning for search personalization, and the development of versions for other operating systems.

INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR RECOMMENDATIONS OF COSMETIC SKIN CARE PRODUCTS

2025-03-04T14:14:09+02:00

The growth of the range of skin care cosmetics with active components, as well as the possibility of their purchase without the appointment of a cosmetologist, causes the problem of the appearance of negative consequences of their use. The selection of cosmetic products is a task that can be solved using machine learning methods, such as neural networks. The article is devoted to the issue of improving the information support for the selection of cosmetic products by developing a recommendation information system. A study of the subject area was conducted and a FNN neural network of was chosen as a model for providing recommendations. Neural network models were built to select the most suitable component of a cosmetic product depending on the skin type and problem, as well as recommendations for cosmetic products. The results of computational experiments showed a high accuracy of the models of over 90%. This indicates that the introduction of machine learning into the process of forming recommendations allows for a high-quality and accurate selection of the desired cosmetic product. An integrated information system for providing recommendations has been developed, which consists of a client mobile interface, as well as software modules for providing recommendations written in Python. The interaction between the components of the information system is carried out through the API interface. The user in the mobile application can enter information about skin type, dermatological problems and receive appropriate recommendations for skin care. Using the developed information system when selecting care cosmetics will allow to avoid the use of products with incompatible components and avoid negative consequences for skin health.

MODELING OF INFRARED SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IN FIREARMS COMBAT SIMULATION SYSTEMS

2025-03-04T14:17:45+02:00

The author investigates mathematical methods for modeling communication channels using infrared (IR) technology to improve the reliability and efficiency of data transmission in military systems. Infrared communication channels are a specific class of wireless communications that find applications in various fields, including small arms fire simulation systems. The author describes the main mathematical models, such as the ideal channel model, where the signal completely coincides with the transmitted one, and the additive Gaussian white noise (AWGN) channel model, which takes into account thermal noise in communication systems. The Rayleigh and Ritchie models are also considered to describe signal transmission conditions with and without line-ofsight (LOS). The article presents a mathematical model of packet transmission in Lasertag systems and the results of numerical experiments conducted using a rifle with a TSAL6100 IR LED. The experiments were conducted at different LED modulation powers to determine the zone of reliable signal reception. The results showed that the zone of reliable reception increases with increasing power: at 100 mW it was up to 50 meters, at 200 mW – up to 65 meters, and at 900 mW – up to 125 meters. This indicates that increasing the modulation power significantly improves the quality of communication at long distances. In addition, the author emphasizes the importance of taking into account external interference, such as sunlight and fluorescent lamps, which can degrade the quality of communication. The article also discusses the influence of the angle of divergence of the rays on the communication range and resistance to interference. The conclusions of the study may be useful for further optimization of systems for simulating small-arms combat and improving data transmission technologies in real combat conditions. The use of mathematical models allows not only to improve the efficiency of data transmission, but also to ensure the reliability of communications in hard conditions of simulated combat operations.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AS A KEY TOOL IN STEM EDUCATION: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

2025-03-04T14:20:41+02:00

The article examines the role of information technologies as a key tool in transforming STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) in the modern world. It analyzes the current state of IT implementation in STEM education at both the international and national levels, emphasizing the challenges and prospects for development. The article highlights the integration of innovative tools such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), and digital laboratories into the educational process. These technologies enhance interactivity, personalization, and the overall efficiency of teaching and learning, ensuring better engagement and understanding among students. A detailed review of international practices demonstrates how IT tools are successfully incorporated into STEM education in developed countries. These practices serve as benchmarks for adapting global experience to local contexts, including Ukrainian education. Particular attention is given to the potential of adaptive educational platforms powered by AI to analyze student progress, providing individualized recommendations and fostering self-directed learning. Furthermore, the study explores the possibilities of AR/VR technologies to create immersive environments for studying complex scientific phenomena, enabling practical learning without physical constraints. The article also addresses the key challenges associated with IT integration in STEM education, including insufficient funding, inadequate teacher training, and uneven access to digital infrastructure across regions. Overcoming these barriers is essential for achieving the full potential of IT in transforming the educational landscape. The authors propose strategic approaches to address these issues, including government support, public-private partnerships, and international collaboration in the field of education. The findings highlight the importance of creating a robust information educational environment that supports innovative teaching and learning practices, ultimately contributing to the preparation of highly skilled specialists capable of addressing global challenges. By leveraging the opportunities offered by information technologies, STEM education can be made more effective, inclusive, and future-ready.

MULTI-OUTPUT REGRESSION MODELS FOR CONTROLLING MULTICOMPONENT DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

2025-03-04T14:25:25+02:00

Modern multi-component systems are characterized by the interaction of numerous internal components and external factors, which can exhibit both regular and chaotic behavior. Effective management of such systems requires tools capable of providing accurate state predictions under conditions of uncertainty and limited input data. This article explores the use of multioutput regression models, which enable the consideration of interdependencies among system components, optimization of the parametric space, and improvement in prediction accuracy. Multi-output models allow simultaneous forecasting of several aspects of a system's state, reducing errors and enhancing the generalization ability of the models. The article provides a detailed examination of methods to improve such models, including minimization of noise influence, accounting for the temporal scales of component changes, optimization for small data samples, and increasing the interpretability of predictions. Approaches to addressing data scarcity are proposed, such as knowledge sharing between tasks and the use of generative models. Special attention is given to the challenges of applying multi-output models, including the risks of overfitting, conflicts between optimization objectives, and the impact of correlation biases. Strategies to mitigate these risks are discussed, including adapting multi-criteria optimization, parameter regularization, and developing hierarchical models that can account for system dynamics across different time scales. Ensemble approaches, which integrate the outputs of submodels into a unified architecture, are highlighted for their ability to enhance noise robustness, prediction accuracy, and model adaptability to changing conditions. The approaches proposed in the article have practical significance for automating decision-making processes in complex multi-component systems operating under high variability and data limitations. This provides a comprehensive framework for forecasting, contributing to more effective management of dynamic systems across various domains. Thus, the article makes a significant contribution to the development of methodologies for modeling complex systems, expanding the possibilities for their analysis and management.

JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING A DISCIPLINE FOR SERVICING REQUESTS IN DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS

2025-03-04T14:31:28+02:00

The article examines approaches and the most common application service disciplines (algorithms for application selection for allocating time on the processor. The classification of scheduling algorithms is given. Priority and non-priority disciplines are distinguished. Service algorithms with both one queue and several queues are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the presented disciplines, as well as the peculiarities of their application, are shown. From the presented analysis, it can be concluded that all the described algorithms perform planning in time, as they are focused on a computing environment with one processor.However, it is necessary to take into account that modern computing systems of information processing have characteristics inherent in distributed systems. The peculiarity of modern systems is that the execution environment (computing resources) can provide many resources simultaneously for many applications. In them, both computing resources and tasks are distributed in space. Such features are characteristic of global GRID and CLOUD information processing systems. In addition, tasks and resources can have characteristics of homogeneity and heterogeneity. With such characteristics, the disciplines intended for single-processor systems cannot be used for distributed information processing systems. In such systems, the scheduler has information about the number of requests requiring service, as in known service systems, and information about the number of resources that have the ability to service the requests. Before this, the scheduler has information about the requirements of each application for the intended resource. In addition, the scheduler has information about the characteristics of each resource. Such information about requests and resources can allow the scheduler to provide optimal re-allocation of requests for resources, taking into account the specifics of the request requirements and resource characteristics. Thus, a new approach to the design of new types of planners is needed in a distributed information processing system – that is. spatial planners. The article presents a theoretical rationale for a new approach to the selection and practice of a spatial planner. The article shows that application-resource relations in distributed systems can be represented in the form of a bipartite graph. And the task of distributing the request for a resource is reduced to the task of finding the maximum pairing in a weighted or unweighted bipartite graph.

FEATURES OF TRINITY DISTRIBUTED BROKER BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

2025-03-04T14:34:47+02:00

At a recent time there was a widespread use of messaging protocols in modern systems. One of the messaging models that serves to exchange data and demonstrate resource efficiency at the same time is the publish-subscribe model. However, systems with this model have certain disadvantages due to the use of a centralized architecture, in which data from all devices in the network is transmitted through a central broker. Such a centralized messaging architectural model is prone to a centralized point of failure. In addition, the organization that owns the broker will have the ability to falsify or manipulate the data. This article is intended to describe the work of Trinity, a distributed blockchain-based publish-subscribe broker, as well as present an implementation and evaluation of the Trinity platform based on tracking. The principle of the Trinity robot is based on extensive data published by one of the brokers at the border and all brokers present at the border. Subdivisions of data are also stored in an immutable registry using proprietary blockchain technology. In addition, Trinity is creating smart contracts to verify data before storing it on the blockchain. Based on blockchains, Trinity can guarantee stability, regularity, and immutability across trust boundaries. The results of the study show that Trinity uses a minimal amount of resources, and the use of smart contracts allows interested parties to automate data management processes. At the research stage, it can be confirmed that Trinity is the first platform that combines blockchain technology components with a publish-subscribe exchange model.

FERMENTATION AS A KEY TO ENHANCING NUTRITIONAL VALUE: A STUDY OF ITS IMPACT ON YOGURTS AND FERMENTED VEGETABLES

2025-03-04T15:00:57+02:00

The article discusses in detail the process of fermentation of yogurt and sauerkraut, focusing on the microbiological processes underlying this process, as well as the factors that affect the quality and structure of the finished product. Analyzing the role of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of yogurt, their ability to break down lactose and produce lactic acid, which gives the product its characteristic texture and taste. At the same time, special attention is paid to the effect of temperature, humidity, and acidity on fermentation efficiency, which is important for achieving product stability and safety. The importance of probiotic bacteria formed during the fermentation of yogurt and sauerkraut and their positive impact on human health is also investigated. In particular, it is noted that probiotics contribute to the normalization of intestinal microflora, strengthening the immune system and improving digestion. In addition, during the fermentation process, vegetables retain the content of vitamins, antioxidants and other beneficial bioactive compounds that improve nutritional value and strengthen human health. Thus, the fermentation of yogurt and sauerkraut is an important technological process that not only improves the nutritional value of products, but is also of great importance for human health. The material describes the value of nutrients contained in: beets (the presence of betaalanine – powerful antioxidants that neutralize free radicals and help reduce stress levels). Pumpkin (high content of carotenoids, among which beta-carotene occupies an important place. This substance acts as an antioxidant and is a precursor to vitamin A, which is necessary for maintaining healthy vision, functioning of the immune system and maintaining skin condition) Broccoli (sulforaphane, which is contained in this vegetable, is a powerful antioxidant that activates protective enzymes in the body, helping to fight free radicals and toxins).

RESEARCH OF SANITARY AND HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS FOR FOOD ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE AND IN EU COUNTRIES

2025-03-04T15:08:38+02:00

Setting objectives. The article studies sanitary and hygienic requirements for food enterprises in Ukraine and in the EU countries. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for food industry enterprises are an important aspect of ensuring food safety and protecting consumer health. In the context of globalization and integration into the international economic structure, the issue of food quality and safety standards is gaining special importance for many countries, including Ukraine. The European Union has long introduced comprehensive measures to ensure high standards of food safety, which are the basis of national systems in the EU member states. However, in Ukraine, hygienic and sanitary requirements for food industry enterprises are changing with the transition to European standards and bringing legislation into line with EU requirements. At the same time, ensuring proper control and compliance with these requirements is directly related not only to public health, but also to the competitiveness of Ukrainian food products in international markets. The strengths and weaknesses of the existing Ukrainian legislative system in the field of sanitary and hygienic requirements for food enterprises are identified. The regulatory and technical documents that control the safety of food production are presented, as well as the main requirements for food enterprises. Research results. According to the conducted study of sanitary and hygienic requirements for food enterprises, it can be concluded that Ukraine needs to improve management and monitoring systems, especially at the municipal level, to ensure more effective implementation of hygiene requirements. It is necessary to improve the qualifications and equipment of enterprises, that is, to create favorable conditions for small enterprises to fully implement the HACCP system and ensure high standards of hygiene and sanitation. Thus, the main difference between the sanitary and hygienic requirements of Ukraine and the EU is that the EU has stricter rules and control, which ensures a high level of food safety. Conclusions. Ukraine has the potential to improve its own system based on the experience of the EU. Food safety requirements in Ukraine and the EU are similar, but the EU has a stricter and centralized control system, and technical regulations are more detailed and standardized. Ukraine must improve its control systems and increase accountability and transparency at all stages of food production and storage to fully comply with European quality standards.

RESEARCH OF DIFFERENT PUMPKIN VARIETIES FOR USE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

2025-03-04T15:14:28+02:00

The article is devoted to the study of the commodity-technological characteristics of edible pumpkins of different varieties and their influence on culinary purposes. Pumpkin is a valuable seasonal crop that is able to provide the consumer with vital components and promotes digestive processes. The use of pumpkin as a food additive to finished products is due to its positive effect on the human body. Its chemical composition contains a high number of biologically active substances that are necessary for the process of the body's vital activity. However, despite its rich chemical composition, it is not a common ingredient in confectionery production. Accordingly, it is important to study the types of edible pumpkin, analyze their chemical composition and study the most optimal varieties for use in the food industry. The subjects of the study were three main groups of edible pumpkins, these are nutmeg, largefruited and thick-skinned (ordinary). Among them, the varieties of the nutmeg group were noted for the best consumer properties. Muscat pumpkin varieties have good organoleptic characteristics and retain their aroma, color and structure well during heat treatment, which means that it is excellent for the food industry. Comparing different varieties, it was found that the Arabatsky variety was the best in terms of chemical composition and organoleptic characteristics. During the study, the highest content of β-carotene was determined compared to other pumpkins of this group. The high content of carotenoids gives the fruits a beautiful and bright color and affects the strengthening of human immunity. Therefore, this variety is proposed to be used both for industrial processing (food powders, candied fruits, etc.) and for use as the main and additional ingredient in culinary dishes and products. Due to the high content of essential substances, including pectin substances and low calorie content, pumpkin can be recommended for modeling dishes for dietary and therapeutic purposes.

METHODOLOGY OF SENSORY ANALYSIS IN IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF HONEY WINES

2025-03-04T15:18:34+02:00

Today, Ukraine is characterised by the revival of honey-making traditions and the development of authentic honey wine production. There are no large-scale industrial producers yet, and the main producers of honey wine in Ukraine are small craft producers and individual restaurants focused on local products and national Ukrainian cuisine. There are several certified Ukrainian producers of mead (Ukrainian Medovary LLC and Medovyi Spas LLC). Honey wines based on natural honey have a long history and are produced in many countries around the world. It is shown that the revival of the popularity of mead is due to the craft beer movement and interest in historical drinks. In a highly competitive food market, it is important to produce products that fully meet consumer expectations and have high taste. In today's world, sensory analysis is recognised as an essential tool for business and food production, as it can be used to promptly provide an initial assessment of the quality of not only the final product, but also to prevent the formation of food defects and eliminate violations of technological regimes and prevent the release of substandard finished products. The article presents the main historical stages of development and reasons for the decline of honey production in Ukraine, which include the complexity, resource intensity, and duration of honey wine technology. The purpose of the study is to create sensory profiles of honey wines in accordance with the requirements of international standards for sensory analysis. The method of scoring on an international 100-point scale and the descriptor-profile method were used for the study. Sikera honey wines were subjected to the study. The results of the scoring method indicate that the wines are of high quality and mediocre, ordinary, possibly with some shortcomings. The profiledescriptive method of analysis allowed us to identify the attributes that caused the deviation of the quality indicators of honey wine, which indicates the existence of certain problems in compliance with the technological regulations for the production of honey wines. Further research should investigate consumer demand and create an ideal profile of honey wine.

ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN ORGANOLEPTIC PROFILE OF WINE FROM THE GRAPE VARIETY OF RIESLING REYNSKY, PRODUCED IN CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

2025-03-04T15:38:20+02:00

The study analyzed the impact of climate change on the sensory profile formation of white table wines, particularly those from the Riesling variety. The purpose of the research is to analyze the current organoleptic profile of wines from the Riesling variety in Ukraine and worldwide, produced under conditions of climate change, and to compare their characteristics. The materials included dry table wines from Riesling grapes from different countries (France, Germany, Italy, Ukraine), 2019-2020 vintages. A tasting panel was prepared from a group of experts in accordance with DSTU ISO 8586:2019. Statistical processing of the research results based on the expert evaluations was presented using the profile method for each descriptor separately, applying a confidence interval. Taste descriptor ratings showed minimal variation depending on the tester. However, there was more noticeable variation among experts for aromatic descriptors, particularly for citrus, floral, and herbal notes. The statistical processing of the tasting panel’s work demonstrated a sufficiently high level of preparation and expertise among the experts. Flavor-aromatic profiles were created for Ukrainian and German wines from the Riesling variety. Wines from Riesling grapes grown in Germany were perceived as fresher with more pronounced citrus notes. Ukrainian wines generally had more mature and developed aromas. A low free SO2 content negatively affected the sensory evaluation of Ukrainian wines from the Riesling variety. A comparative characteristic of the sensory profiles of wines from different countries from the Riesling variety was conducted using sensory analysis methods, particularly the authordeveloped "Naoslip" method. It was found that Ukrainian Riesling wines have a sensory profile that significantly differs from their European counterparts, with much lower intensity of primary aromas and near absence of certain clusters present in European counterparts. Additionally, they have lower complexity, shorter aftertaste, and poorer balance. Descriptors for wines produced in European countries correlate with each other, with nearly all typical Riesling descriptors present. The sensory evaluation of wines from the Riesling variety on a 100-point scale showed that the scores for European samples differ from Ukrainian samples by an average of 10 points. In terms of quality levels, wines produced in Ukraine have ratings ranging from average to very good, while European wines range from excellent to outstanding.

APTATION OF TECHNOLOGY OF ANCIENT CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS IN THE RESTAURANT INDUSTRY

2025-03-04T15:43:18+02:00

Ancient confectionery products occupy a special place in the Ukrainian culinary heritage. Reproducing the recipe of shulyky in the restaurant industry is an important task. The article presents a study of the history, technology and cultural significance of shulyky, as well as their implementation in modern conditions, which is of great importance for a deep understanding of the Ukrainian culinary heritage and the enrichment of the modern gastronomic picture. Experimental studies of elasticity, active acidity and microscopy of the dough made it possible to predict the influence of ingredients on the taste, porosity and quality of finished products. A comparative characteristic of the nutritional value, moisture and organoleptic indicators of shulyky was carried out. The use of modern ingredients and processing methods made it possible to preserve the authentic taste and increase the nutritional value of the products. As a result of the experiments, new recipes were developed that successfully combine traditions and modern technologies. The influence of ingredients that positively affect the indicators of quantitative and qualitative composition, making the products more balanced and nutritious in terms of nutrient composition, is shown. Experimental data indicate an improvement in the texture and consistency of shulyky. To create a new shulyky recipe, carob, flax, and wheat bran were added to the dough, and flavor harmony was also created by decorating with various creams: caramel-custard, creamcheese, and lemon curd. The introduction of new plant ingredients and improved shulyky manufacturing technologies will increase their appeal among modern consumers, while preserving traditional components and flavors. Changes in the recipe and appearance make shulyky more relevant and interesting for the new generation, contributing to the revival of authentic Ukrainian dishes in modern cooking.

USE OF CARROT POWDER IN BREAD PRODUCTION

2025-03-04T15:50:25+02:00

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dried carrot powder on the quality of bread made from premium wheat flour. Bread made from premium wheat flour without the addition of dried carrot powder was characterized by a flat surface and a medium-medium convex crust shape, the crust color was light brown. The crust shape of bread made from premium wheat flour without the use of dried carrot powder in an amount of 2 and 4% of the flour mass was mediumconvex (4 points), and bread with a content of 6, 8 and 10% of dried carrot powder was convex (5 points). The crust surface of bread made from premium wheat flour produced without the addition of dried carrot powder and with the use of this additive in an amount of 2% of the flour mass was flat. Bread made with the addition of dried table carrot powder in the amount of 4, 6, 8 and 10% of the flour mass had a smooth crust surface. The crust color according to the experiment variants, depending on the amount of dried table carrot powder used, changed from light brown (4 points) to brown with a ruddy tint in bread made from premium wheat flour with the use of dried table carrot powder in the amount of 6, 8 and 10% of the flour mass (5 points). The use of dried table carrot powder had a significant effect on the crumb characteristics of bread made from premium wheat flour. Thus, bread baked from premium wheat flour had a white crumb color (5 points). Bread made from wheat flour with the addition of 2 and 4% of dried carrot powder had a white with a yellowish tinge, softer color (5 points). When the additive added to 6 ... 10% was increased, the finished product acquired a color from yellowish (5 points) to orange (4 points). The acidity of bread made from wheat flour was within the normal range and according to the experiment options was 2.4 ... 3 degrees. It is recommended to use dried carrot powder in the production of bread in the amount of 4 ... 8% of the flour mass with a non-mixed dough method.

DIRECTIONS OF CREATION OF COMBINED PRODUCTS IN CHEESE MAKERS

2025-03-04T15:55:10+02:00

Milk and dairy products are an integral part of every person's diet. But recently, the production and sale of these products in Ukraine has been significantly reduced. This is caused by a large number of factors: a decrease in the number of cows and a raw materials problem, a sharp increase in prices for milk and dairy products, and a lack of investment. Also today, there is a problem with the entry of domestic enterprises into the European market. Cheese production is a long process that depends not only on production capabilities, but also on the state of the country's economic development. High-protein non-traditional soy-based food products have acquired a significant role in the rational nutrition of the population of Ukraine. According to numerous biochemical and medical data, they are beneficial for strengthening the health of infants, children, adults, the elderly, patients with weakened immune systems and other pathologies. After all, they reduce the risk of a number of diseases. According to scientists, this effect largely depends on the methods of processing soybeans into food products. However, in works devoted to the study of the effect of soybean consumption on human health, there is almost no data on the conditions for obtaining such products. In Ukraine, soy products and food additives (milk, meat, bakery, confectionery) are represented mainly by products from imported raw materials, meals, flour, protein concentrates, manufactured using technologies that significantly reduce the content of biologically active substances relative to the composition of soybean seeds. The production of semi-finished products and feed in leading Western countries was initially based on differentiated processing of soybean seeds to obtain vegetable oils, protein isolates and concentrates, vitamins, biologically active additives using multiple processing processes, processing with organic solvents. This leads to the destruction of some biologically active substances, to the need to design individual types of products based on soy protein by adding fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, soluble fiber, flavoring.

EVALUATION OF THE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF ANTHOCYANS OF GRAPE RAW MATERIAL OF THE ODESSKIY CHORNY VARIETY

2025-03-04T15:58:58+02:00

One of the actual problems is ensuring the safety and functionality of food and cosmetic products. One of the promising ways to solve it is the development and use of safe natural food dyes. These compounds, in addition to giving products color, are sources of biologically active substances, which makes it possible to form functional properties of final products. The purpose of this work is to assess the biotechnological potential of anthocyanins extracted from the pomace of the Odesa Black grapes. The assessment of anthocyanin dyes was carried out in accordance with the requirements of DSTU-N CODEX STAN 192:2014. To identify anthocyanins, the IR spectroscopy method was used using an IRTracer-100 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The extract was subjected to chromatographic separation using the Agilent 1200 Series HPLC–DAD system. Identification of anthocyanin extract components was performed using Agilent 6500 Series Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Time-of- Flight (Q-TOF) LC/MS QLC/TOF MS. The antiradical activity of anthocyanins and anthocyanin complexes with anionic polysaccharides was studied using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) method. The dependence of the anthocyanin content in the solution on the extraction time was studied using different extraction methods. The properties of anthocyanin dye obtained from grape pomace were studied. A clear mathematical dependence of the anthocyanin content in the solution on the extraction time was established using different extraction methods. It was determined that anthocyanin extracts from the pomace of the Odesa Black grapes exhibit antiradical activity. Assessment of the biotechnological potential of anthocyanins isolated from the pomace of the Odesa Black grapes showed that anthocyanin extracts can be used as dyes and sources of biologically active substances in the production of food products and cosmetics.

STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY

2025-03-04T14:42:42+02:00

The paper considers the actual problem of applying some approaches to optimization under conditions of uncertainty in the context of research of complex systems with many interacting factors, dynamic variables and unpredictable external factors. The main factors affecting the formation of the mathematical model of the problem are established, in particular, the attention is focused on the initial parameters of the system, the characteristics of the connections between its components, as well as the specificity of the optimization function. During the study, the evolution of system states during optimization for different values of key parameters, such as the module of synaptic connections and external displacements, was analyzed, and an approach to reducing the probability of inefficient states was substantiated. It was found out how these parameters affect the formation of locally stable states that do not correspond to the global optimum of the problem, and their influence on the quality of decisions made in such conditions was also evaluated. An optimization algorithm has been developed that takes into account the features of complex systems and is based on the sequential formation of initial data, the multi-stage iterative process of the studied system and its transition to the optimal state. The method of optimal setting of the model parameters is proposed, which ensures the adaptability of the algorithm in conditions of uncertainty and increases the probability of reaching the global extreme of the objective function. An approach to the structuring of the uncertainty conditions of the system by ranking the relevance criteria is defined, which makes it possible to take into account the multi-criteria nature of the problem and increase the efficiency of the decision-making process. Practical recommendations have been developed for choosing the optimal values of the weighting factors, setting the parameters of the connection module, and adapting the algorithm depending on the complexity of the task and the level of uncertainty.

PROBLEMS OF FORMING THE FUNCTIONALITY AND SAFETY OF HAND PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IN THE SYSTEM “WORK TOOLS-MECHANICS-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING”

2025-03-04T14:52:42+02:00

The article systematizes the requirements for hand protection for the system «tools and means of work-mechanic-professional environment» in view of the rapid digitalization of professional activity. The problem is relevant in the field of mechanical engineering, where the complex of tasks from the sketch of a computer model to the finished product is growing, where there is constant interaction between computer virtual reality and materialized (parallel) reality, which in general should contribute to increasing the accuracy of the workpiece/technological operation and the quality of the finished product. A systematic analysis of the nomenclature of quality indicators for hand protection equipment was conducted, taking into account its hierarchical structure and systemic connections. The analysis was carried out based on the results of interviews and a questionnaire survey of specialists of Flextronics LLC, where innovative, waste-free, “clean technologies” are prioritized. The study used methods of macroanalysis and customization of protective gloves at various stages of industrial production. It was established that the safety criterion for hand protection equipment, in modern conditions, when working with high-tech work equipment, must be considered at a qualitatively higher level in terms of both personnel safety, safety of expensive equipment, prevention of negative impact on the quality of the workpiece at the stages of production, and education and competence of specialists in the relevant technological processes of the mechanical engineering industry. Therefore, when choosing hand protection, it is necessary to take into account both the protective properties of gloves and the inconveniences (restriction of hand movements, kinesthetic sensations, deterioration of tactile sensations) caused by the usual physiological need associated with sweating of the skin of the palm and fingers. These issues can be resolved through customization, as an effective form of interaction between the object and the subject of commodity and production relations, aimed at improving the consumer properties of the product. A specific industry specialist can act as a partner in solving promising tasks for the manufacturer, who directly takes into account the relevant opinion of the consumer at all stages of the product life cycle.

RESEARCH INTO THE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANULAR FUEL MADE FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE

2025-03-04T16:07:10+02:00

Today, the scale of the formation and accumulation of various wastes, in particular sewage sludge (SS) at sewage treatment plants in settlements, continues to grow. This situation leads to the alienation of productive agricultural lands by sludge and environmental pollution, which requires their immediate processing and disposal. One of the effective ways to process SS can be to produce granulated biofuel from it. The paper considers the issue of utilizing SS by producing biofuel pellets from them. For experiments on the production of pellets, samples of sewage sludge from the treatment facilities of regional municipal production enterprise "Dnipro- Kirovograd" in the city of Kropyvnytskyi after centrifugation with 75–80% humidity of two types: raw sediment and excess activated sludge. The experiments were carried out according to the developed research methodology on a specially designed laboratory press device. Due to the high humidity of the sludge sediment samples (75–78%), before making pellets from them, their preliminary preparation was carried out by thermal (drying) and mechanical (grinding) treatment. From the prepared sludge sediments with a humidity of 12–15%, when compressed to final pressures of 130.5…217.5 MPa in a press device with a vertical punch and a closed matrix, pellet samples with a high-quality texture and a density of 1150–1260 kg/m3 are formed, which meets the requirements of European standards ρ ≥1.0 g/cm3. The determined ash content of the manufactured samples of biofuel pellets on dry weight was 24–41%, and the calorific value calculated by the D. Mendeleev formula was 16–20 MJ/kg, which is comparable to the calorific value of briquettes made of wood waste, brown coal, and peat. The obtained results of the conducted experimental studies can be considered as estimative. In general, they confirm the prospect of further research and development in the direction of technologies and equipment for the production of biofuel pellets from sewage sludge and their further utilization through use in thermal power plants.

DETERMINATION OF RELIABILITY OF OFFSHORE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES AT THE DESIGN STAGE

2025-03-04T16:12:15+02:00

The reliability of offshore hydraulic structures largely depends on the reliability of their designs, the development of which takes into account the natural and climatic conditions of the construction regions, their infrastructure, the availability of local building materials and many other factors. Marine hydraulic structures during exploitation are exposed to three main natural forces. These include: storm wind waves; drifting ice formations in the form of level ice, single hummocks and hummock fields; seismic loads. Objective consideration of these factors during design is the most important component of the reliability of future structures over the estimated period of their service. The accuracy of assessing the force influence of natural forces depends on the reliability of the initial data and the perfection of the methods of corresponding calculations embodied in the recommendations of regulatory documents. The values of natural loads and impacts are clarified at all stages of the design of offshore structures, including during the process of scientific support. The reliability of offshore structures primarily depends on the reliability of their designs. The quality of hydraulic engineering works and construction materials used by general contractors in the construction process is controlled by customers and project authors. The design, construction, acceptance and subsequent operation of offshore structures must be carried out in strict compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents. Therefore, reliability issues are of paramount importance already in the process of their design. An objective assessment of force impacts depends, in turn, on the reliability of the initial data, which is determined based on the analysis of the results of engineering surveys performed in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents. In this paper, an analysis of the reasons affecting the reliability of sea hydraulic structures projects is carried out.

MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SOME PROBLEMS OF SHIPPING AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

2025-03-04T16:24:17+02:00

The processes taking place in the global economy, including rising energy prices and environmental issues, are intensifying the search for the most efficient ways to deliver goods. In this sense, maritime transport has many advantages and is very promising. In the shipping industry, the task of optimizing routes to minimize transportation costs and reduce the time for cargo delivery is a pressing one. Equally important in this regard are the problems of water resources management, port construction and waterways, construction of coastal, port and marine hydraulic structures. The main tasks of hydraulic engineering construction are to increase the strength of structures and optimize the cost of their construction. Mathematical methods and models play a leading role in engineering research. Building a mathematical model involves identifying the main factors of the process under study (selecting its parameters and characteristics) and determining the relationship between them. The creation of a mathematical model is completed by writing these relationships in an analytical form. The resulting objective function, together with additional conditions (equations and inequalities), is investigated by methods of mathematical analysis, in particular the theory of differential equations. An important stage in solving the problem is the analysis of the results. The paper considers some problems of hydraulic engineering construction: the problem of water pressure on a dam or a sluice and the problem of the location of groundwater in the drainage system. The paper also considers problems related to the movement and maneuvering of ships, in particular, the problem of searching for a submarine using a marine drone, the problem of the movement of two ships relative to each other. The ship pitching problem is one of the questions of ship theory. For each of these problems, a corresponding mathematical model was created and studied. The consideration of these problems in a higher mathematics course contributes to a better understanding of the connection between mathematical theory and practice and its importance in the study of physical processes and engineering.

PRESTRESSING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING THE DURING – TENSIONING METHOD

2025-03-04T16:27:47+02:00

The improvement of building structures, development of alternative methods of prestressing, expansion of the boundaries of technological approaches create opportunities for the rational use of construction materials, contribute to increasing efficiency in construction. Such methods are based on physical laws, provisions of theoretical and building mechanics, resistance of materials and take into account the properties of building materials and the practice and experience of manufacturing and operating building structures. Prestressed concrete structures are usually manufactured according to post-or pretensioning technology. There are a great number of proposals as to the application of these technologies. The majority of them are well studied, and some of the best ones find their practical use. Almost all these suggestions can be united according to the principle of the steel prestressing transfer, namely onto the strong hardened concrete. The possibilities of manufacturing more effective prestressed reinforced concrete structures in the limited frames of the single principle are in many respects exhausted. Many specialists think it is the reason for slowing down progress in this direction. We need here qualitative transition to new concepts in the sphere of prestressed concrete to have precedents for rapid flourishing of ideas and developments. The author has proposed and put into practice the principle of prestressing transfer onto the freshly placed concrete mix of structures. In this case prestressing is transferred already at the stage of cement concrete mix. The new production technology has led us to the possibility of increasing concrete strength in prestressed structures up to 50-70 per cent. It is achieved due to the compressing of unset concrete mix during the operation of steel tensioning. A wide range of research and practical studies has shown that the given technology provides necessary steel pretensioning and uniform or predetermined concrete mix compaction as well as further hardening of concrete in a structure. Taking the experimental research data as a basis, we can state that the self-organization of concrete structure at the stage of mix prestressing, effective bond between concrete and steel, preservation of the force of prestressing – all this becomes a guarantee for high strength and quality of the concrete elements proposed. Industrial application of prefabricated bridge elements with prestressing onto the concrete mix has proved the expediency of the method developed.